11.11.07

Théorie : Le cycle des quintes et les tonalités


Jusqu'à présent nous n'avons parlé que de la gamme de do/C majeur, de ses intervalles, de ses modes et des accords construits sur ses différents degrés. Il nous reste à voir comment l'on peut définir les notes do#/C# ou réb/Db etc, c'est à dire introduire d'autres tonalités que celle de do/C

Pour ce faire, nous utiliserons ce que l'on nomme "le cycle des quintes", c'est à dire l'ensemble des notes dont les rapports successifs sont soit des Quintes ascendantes (vers l'aigu), soit descendantes (vers le grave).

Par exemple, sol/G est la Quinte ascendante de do/C, puisque sol/G se trouve 3 tons 1/2 au dessus de Do/C.
Et fa/F est la Quinte descendante de do/C car do/C se trouve 3 tons 1/2 au dessus de fa/F.

Pourquoi donc aller de Quinte en Quinte ?
Par ce que nous avons vu dans le cours consacré aux intervalles de la gamme diatonique majeure en do/C que cette gamme était symétrique (T T d [T] T T d) et que cette symétrie montrait que les notes sol/G la/A si/B étaient séparées par les même intervalles que les notes do/C ré/D mi/E.
Sol/G la/A si/B peut donc être considéré comme le début d'une nouvelle gamme Majeure diatonique, la gamme do Sol/G Majeur. De la même façon do/C ré/D mi/E, peut être vu comme la seconde partie de la gamme de fa Majeur.
Seulement ce "saut à la Quinte" va induire des modifications dans les notes des gammes, justement ce qu'on appelle des altérations, c'est à dire l'apparition de dièses "#" et de bémols "b".

Convainquons-nous tout d'abord de ce qui a été dit en regardant où ces altérations apparaissent.

Cycle des quintes pour les tonalités de do/C fa/F et sol/G


Nous observons que dans la gamme de fa/F Majeur une altération "bémol (b)" apparaît sur le 4ème degré, ici sib/Bb et que dans la gamme de sol/G Majeur, l'altération "dièse (#)" apparaît sur le 7ème degré, ici fa#/F#.
Pourquoi des bémols (b) sur les quintes descendantes et des dièses (#) sur les quintes ascendantes ? Par convention tout simplement.

Voyons ce qui se produit si l'on répète l'opération vers d'avantages de quintes ascendantes et descendantes.

Cycle des quintes ou spirale des quintees


On observe, en allant vers la gauche depuis do/C qu'à chaque Quinte descendante on obtient un bémol (b) supplémentaire. De même, en allant vers la droite depuis do/C vers les Quintes ascendantes, on obtient un dièse (#) supplémentaire. On observe enfin que trois tonalités sont identiques bien qu'ayant des noms différents : do#=reb , fa#=solb , et si=dob. Sur un instrument non tempéré, ces différences entre altérations bémols est dièses seraient sensibles, mais sur un piano contemporain, et a fortiori sur une guitare elle n'existent plus.

Voyons maintenant où ces dièses et ces bémols apparaissent sur une partition, et de quelles notes il s'agit.
En général c'est derrière la clef que l'on note ces altérations, permettant ainsi au musicien de tout de suite repérer dans quelle tonalité il se trouve.

Altérations dièses à la clé d'une portée


On observe ici comment apparaissent successivement les altérations fa#/F# do#/C# sol#/G# ré#/D# la#/A# mi#/E# et si#/B# au fur et à mesure que l'on monte de Quinte en Quinte.

Ces altérations sont en effet déduites des gammes diatoniques suivantes (en notations américaine)

C - Majeur : C--D--E--F--G--A--B--C
G - Majeur : G--A--B--C--D--E--F#-G
D - Majeur : D--E--F#-G--A--B--C#-D
A - Majeur : A--B--C#-D--E--F#-G#-A
E - Majeur : E--F#-G#-A--B--C#-D#-E
B - Majeur : B--C#-D#-E--F#-G#-A#-B
F# Majeur : F#-G#-A#-B--C#-D#-E#-F#
C# Majeur : C#-D#-E#-F#-G#-A#-B#-C#

Astuce : On s'aperçoit qu'une nouvelle altération apparaît toujours sur le 7ème degré de la gamme concernée, ce qui permet de reconnaître facilement la tonalité induite. Par exemple les altérations F# C# G# sont la signature de la gamme diatonique Majeure en la/A

Voyons maintenant les altérations "bémols" et les gammes dont elles sont issues.

Altérations bémols à la clé d'une portée


Ici, les altérations suivantes apparaissent successivement : sib/Bb mib/Eb lab/Ab réb/Db solb/Gb dob/Cb fab/Fb.

Elles sont issues des gammes diatoniques suivantes :

C - Majeur : C--D--E--F--G--A--B--C
F - Majeur : F--G--A--Bb-C--D--E--F
Bb Majeur : Bb-C--D--Eb-F--G--A--Bb
Eb Majeur : Eb-F--G--Ab-Bb-C--D--Eb
Ab Majeur : Ab-B--C--Db-Eb-F--G--Ab
Db Majeur : Db-Eb-F--Gb-Ab-Bb-C--Db
Gb Majeur : Gb-Ab-Bb-Cb-Db-Eb-F--Gb
Cb Majeur : Cb-Db-Eb-Fb-Gb-Ab-Bb-Db

Astuce : On s'aperçoit que bien qu'une nouvelle altération apparaisse toujours sur le 4ème degré de la gamme concernée, c'est l'altération précédente qui correspond à la fondamentale de la gamme. Par exemple les altérations Bb Eb Ab sont la signature de la gamme diatonique Majeure en mib/Eb.

Ce cycle des Quintes, nous le verrons plus tard, va jouer un rôle important dans l'application des cadences et plus particulièrement dans l'art de la modulation, c'est à dire la pratique consistant à changer de tonalité au sein d'une même œuvre musicale. Nous pouvons déjà dire que l'on mesure l'éloignement harmonique des tonalités entres elles en fonction du nombre d'altérations qu'elles ont en commun. Nous dirons par exemple que la tonalité de sol/G Majeur est proche de celle de ré/D Majeur, parce qu'une seule altération (do#/C#) les différentie. En ce sens Do/C Majeur et do#/C# Majeur sont des tonalités très éloignées, puisqu'elles n'ont aucune altération en commun.


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